形合与意合是高中英语中应该讲却没有讲的很使用的概念,老师用这个概念可以很容易讲很多题,学生当然也可以明白很多问题。在这里补充一下。
英语的复合句是由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成。主句是全句的主体,往往可以独立存在;而从句仅是句子的一个成分,故不能独立存在,这两个句子必须有一个关联词引导,这就是英语的“形合”即主从复合句要有引导从句的关联词。连词共有七类:
1) 从属连词 :有 whether ,when, although, because, if 等。
I don’t know if he will come.
2) 疑问代词 : who ,whom, whose, which ,what 等。
I don’t know what you mean .
3) 疑问副词 :when ,where ,how ,why等。
I asked him where he was going to stay.
4) 关系代词:who, whom , whose, which, that what 等,主要引导定语从句。
The young man who is standing there is my English teacher.
5) 关系副词:when, where, why.也可以引导定语从句。
That was the time when we stayed together.
6) 复合连接代词:what ,whatever, whoever, whichever 等。
You can do whatever you like.
7) 复合连接副词:wherever, whenever, however 等。
You can come whenever it is possible.
特别强调:主从复合句必须有连接词。如汉语可以说“你来我走”、“有饭同吃”中间没有连接词,这就是汉语的“意合”,即汉语两个句子或两个意义之间可以不用连词,句子依然是正确的。
如翻译成英语必须根据意义加上连接词if ,否则句子就错误。
If you come , I will go.
“有饭同吃”,也要加连接词:
If there is any food , let us share it.
如果一个句子前面用了一个逗号,逗号前面决不能是个句子,但可以由以下几个成分:
1: 不定式
To get there in time , He got up early.
2:现在分词
Hearing the good news, He jumped up and down.
3:过去分词
Beaten by his father , He run away from home.
4):独立主格结构
There being no bus , We had to walk home.
5)分号:
United , We stand; divided ,We fall.
6)偶尔也有连接副词
I had a drink , then I went home.
这一点在高中英语的各级练习题中随处可见,应用熟练很多看似复杂的问题都可以轻而易举地解决。这也是高中英语中没有明确提出和被忽略的地方。